Growth and metal uptake of energy sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in different metal mine tailings with soil amendments

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the feasibility of growing energy sugarcane(Saccharum spp.) in three different metal mine tailings(Cu, Sn and Pb/Zn tailings) amended with uncontaminated soil at different mixing ratios. The results indicated that sugarcane was highly tolerant to tailing environments. Amendments of 20% soil to Sn tailings and 30% soil to Cu tailings could increase the biomass of cane-stem for use as the raw material for bioethanol production. Heavy metals were mostly retained in roots, which indicated that sugarcane was useful for the stabilization of the tailings. Bagasse and juice, as the most valuable parts to produce bioethanol, only accounted for 0.6%– 3% and 0.6%–7% of the total metal content. Our study supported the potential use of sugarcane for tailing phytostabilization and bioenergy production.     

地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田CH4和N2O排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作农田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜与常规(不覆膜)两种处理下稻-油轮作农田CH_4和N_2O的排放特征及影响因素进行了为期一年的原位观测.结果表明,两种处理下,CH_4和N_2O的排放均主要集中在各作物的生长前期,水稻季CH_4和油菜季N_2O的排放通量均具有较明显的季节变化;全年CH_4的排放通量介于-0.45~1.90 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),N_2O的排放通量介于-46.1~2 040.7μg·(m~2·h)~(-1).地膜覆盖提高了CH_4和N_2O排放总量,其中覆膜处理全年CH_4排放总量为(27.22±4.48)kg·hm~(-2),相比常规处理(19.93±0.56)kg·hm~(-2)提高了26.22%;覆膜处理N_2O的年排放总量为(13.14±0.82)kg·hm~(-2),较常规处理下(11.27±2.77)kg·hm~(-2)增加了16.6%.覆膜显著提高了油菜季土壤含水率,而对全年各作物季土壤温度(地下5 cm温度和地表温度)没有明显的影响.覆膜处理下油菜季CH_4和N_2O的排放与土壤含水率呈负相关,幼苗期达显著负相关;两种处理下,各作物季CH_4和N_2O的排放与土壤温度的相关性均很小.研究表明,地膜覆盖影响作物各生育期内CH_4和N_2O的排放规律,改变了作物各生育期内2种气体排放占全季排放量的比例,促进了稻-油轮作农田CH_4和N_2O的排放.在100 a时间尺度上,覆膜处理下全年排放的CH_4和N_2O所引起的综合GWP(CO_2量)为4 213.00 kg·hm~(-2),较常规处理3 454.17 kg·hm~(-2)提高了22.0%,表明覆膜不是一种有效的碳减排措施.     

Effect of fertilization and irrigation schedule on water and fertilizer solute transport for wheat crop in a sub-humid sub-tropical region

In order to increase the water and fertilizer use efficiency and decrease the losses of water and fertilizer solutes (N and P), it is necessary to assess the influence of level of fertilization and irrigation schedule on movement and balance of water and fertilizers in the root zone. With this goal, the reported study was undertaken to determine the effect of fertilization and irrigation schedule on water movement and fertilizer solute transport in wheat crop field in a sub-tropical sub-humid region. Field experiments were conducted on wheat crop of cultivar Sonalika (Triticum aestivum L.) during the years 2002–2003, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005. Each experiment consisted of four fertilizer treatments and three irrigation treatments during the wheat growth period. During the experiment, the irrigation treatments were: I₁ = 10% maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of available soil water (ASW); I₂ = 40% MAD of ASW; I₃ = 60% MAD of ASW. The fertilizer treatments during the experiment were: F₁ = control treatment with N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 0:0:0 kg ha⁻¹; F₂ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹; F₃ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 120:60:60 kg ha⁻¹ and F₄ = fertilizer application of N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 160:80:80 kg ha⁻¹. The results of the investigation revealed that low volume high frequency irrigation results in higher deep percolation losses than the low frequency high volume irrigation with different levels of fertilization for wheat crop in coarse lateritic soil, whereas different levels of fertilization did not significantly affect soil water balance of the wheat crop root zone during all the irrigation schedules. Level of fertilization and irrigation schedule had significant effect on nitrogen leaching loss whereas irrigation schedules had no significant effect on nitrogen uptake under different levels of fertilization. On the other hand, the leaching loss of phosphorus was not significantly influenced by the irrigation schedule and level of fertilization of wheat crop. This indicated that PO₄–P leaching loss was very low in the soil solution as compared to nitrogen due to fixation of phosphorus in soils. From the observed data of nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency, it was revealed that irrigation schedule with 40% maximum allowable depletion of available soil water with F₂ fertilizer treatment (N:P₂O₅:K₂O as 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹) was the threshold limit for wheat crop with respect to nitrogen and phosphorus use, crop yield and environmental pollution.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区农用地生态安全问题分析

黄土丘陵沟壑区本身生态环境较脆弱,加之人类活动对其产生的影响,使该区域农业用地生态安全进一步受到威胁。通过对案例区农用地现状和农用地生态现状的分析,提出了其目前存在的生态安全问题,并进行了分析。     

江苏省土地承载力研究

本文以江苏省土地资源可承载的人口规模和经济规模为出发点,从可支撑的经济规模的三产业总和,即理论需求的农用地能够支撑的农业增加值,在满足理论农用地需求面积前提下区域可开发利用的最大工业用地支撑的工业增加值,以及建筑业和第三产业的经济规模,对江苏省土地承载力进行了研究,以为城市规划和发展提供依据。     

从2008年5月12日四川汶川地震看地震的成因

通过对汶川8.0级地震与地球自转的关系的分析,提出了一个新的地震成因观点,认为地震的根本原因在于地球自转速率的变化.地球岩石圈由大小不同、质量不同的块体组成.比如,大洋块体薄、质量轻,大陆块体厚、质量重.地球自转速率变化时,就会造成这些块体运动的差异性.这种差异运动可能使块体之间发生"追尾"撞击或摩擦,从而引起地震.地震能量来自于块体间撞击或摩擦时损失的动能.     

湖南烟区烤烟钾含量与土壤钾素的分布特点之间的关系

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分析了湖南烟区烤烟钾含量与土壤钾含量的分布特点及相互关系,结果表明:湖南烟区土壤全钾质量比偏低,平均为14.92 g·kg-1,有19.90%的土样全钾质量比低于10 g·kg-1;土壤速效钾质量比较低(140.28 mg·kg-1),10.80%土壤样品中速效钾质量比≤80 mg·kg-1,63.04%土壤样品中速效钾质量比在80～160 mg·kg-1之间.不同产地间相比较,全钾质量比由高到低顺序为:凤凰、张家界、龙山、宁乡、常德、怀化、浏阳、永州、桂阳;速效钾质量比的高低顺序与全钾质量比有所不同.湖南烟区烤烟钾质量分数适中,平均为2.28%,不同等级烟叶钾质量分数的变化规律是X2F＞C3F＞B2F.各等级烟叶的钾质量分数在不同产地间差异均达到0.05显著水平.在对土壤速效钾质量比分组后,烟叶钾质量分数随着土壤速效钾质量比的增加而增加,其中在速效钾质量比较低时,烟叶钾质量分数增加速度较快.在相关分析基础上,建立了土壤养分与烤烟钾质量分数的逐步回归方程,所筛选得到的4个土壤因子(水溶性氯、有机质、交换性钙和速效钾)对烤烟钾质量分数的影响均达到极显著水平.     

生物质能源干式厌氧发酵预处理的研究进展

秸秆干式厌氧发酵以农作物秸秆为原料,在较小的规模和较少资本投入的条件下,产生可以循环使用的生物质能。通过物理法、化学法、物理化学法、生物法等预处理方法,可使后续发酵效率大大提高。本文论述了国内外生物质秸秆预处理技术的研究现状,对各种预处理方法的优缺点进行了分析与讨论．并对生物质秸秆预处理技术用于厌氧发酵的前景进行了展望。     

秸秆还田下不同追氮量对麦田土壤真菌群落结构和生态网络的影响

秸秆还田和肥料施用是农田土壤养分输入的主要来源,秸秆还田条件下配合适宜的化肥施用量能够在环境友好的前提下为作物生产提供必要的营养.为明确秸秆还田条件下不同追氮量对麦田土壤真菌群落的影响,从土壤生态功能角度评估冬小麦氮肥管理措施的合理性.在秸秆全量还田基施氮肥150 kg·hm^-2基础上,多年定位设置5个追氮量(0、 37.5、 75、 112.5和150 kg·hm^-2)处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术分析冬小麦成熟期土壤真菌群落丰度、多样性、结构和生态网络,探讨驱动土壤真菌群落变化的主要土壤理化因子.结果表明,和不追施氮肥和低追氮量处理相比,高追氮量处理增加了土壤全氮和无机氮含量,降低了土壤pH值、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量.和不追施氮肥处理相比,追氮量37.5～150 kg·hm^-2处理显著增加了土壤真菌群落丰度(P<0.05),而追施氮肥各处理间差异未达显著水平(P>0.05).土壤真菌群落Heip指数和Shannon指数随追氮量的增加逐渐降低,追氮量150 kg·hm^-2     

汉江流域上游作物水分生态适应性研究

采用农田水量平衡模型，结合GIS技术，通过构建作物水分亏缺风险指数，对汉江流域上游区小麦、玉米等主要作物的水分生态适应性进行了系统研究。结果表明：就全生育期而言，自然降水不能满足作物生长发育的需求，水分亏缺是汉江流域上游区农田水分平衡的主要特征；就不同作物来讲，水稻多年平均水分亏缺风险指数达23.26%，是全流域生态适应性最差的作物，麻类、薯类生态适应性较强；作物生长发育不同时段，各作物水分生态适应性差异较大，春旱应引起足够重视。